Practice Area Spotlight

Labor & Employment

Employment litigators use Midpage to research discrimination, retaliation, and harassment claims, wage-and-hour disputes, leave and accommodation issues, and worker classification disputes. The statutes, regulations, and case law behind that work are collected below.

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How Employment Lawyers Use Midpage

Browse to see how Midpage works through employment questions from real lawyers.

Transfers & Adverse Action After MuldrowHow have courts applied Muldrow v. City of St. Louis’s "some harm" standard to lateral transfers, shift changes, and denied training? Collect post-2024 decisions.Majority-Group Plaintiffs After AmesAfter Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services eliminated the "background circumstances" rule, how are circuits handling reverse-discrimination and DEI-related claims?Religious Accommodation After GroffDraft a brief section applying Groff v. DeJoy’s "substantial increased costs" standard to a scheduling-accommodation dispute. Use Midpage for case research.FLSA Exemption Burden of ProofSummarize how courts have applied E.M.D. Sales v. Carrera’s preponderance standard to white-collar exemption disputes under 29 CFR Part 541.Independent Contractor ClassificationFind decisions applying the economic-realities test to gig-economy workers after the DOL’s 2024 independent-contractor rule, including challenges to the rule itself.Section 10(j) Injunctions After Starbucks v. McKinneyHow have district courts applied the traditional four-factor test to NLRB 10(j) petitions since McKinney? Collect grant and denial outcomes.

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Core Employment Collections

The statutes, regulations, agency materials, and courts behind employment litigation.

The federal acts governing the employment relationship — discrimination, wages and hours, leave, labor relations, and benefits — section by section.

Title VII § 703 — Unlawful employment practices Discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin	42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2
Title VII § 704 — Retaliation Opposition and participation clauses	42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3
Title VII § 706 — Enforcement EEOC charges, right-to-sue, remedies	42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5
Damages caps & jury trial Compensatory and punitive damages under the 1991 Act	42 U.S.C. § 1981a
§ 1981 — Equal rights under law Race discrimination in contracts, incl. at-will employment	42 U.S.C. § 1981
ADA — Definition of disability Actual, record-of, and regarded-as prongs post-ADAAA	42 U.S.C. § 12102
ADA — Discrimination Reasonable accommodation and undue hardship	42 U.S.C. § 12112
ADA — Defenses Qualification standards, direct threat	42 U.S.C. § 12113
ADA — Retaliation & interference Prohibition against retaliation and coercion	42 U.S.C. § 12203
ADEA — Prohibited practices Age discrimination, § 623(a)–(d)	29 U.S.C. § 623
ADEA — Enforcement Filing, waivers under OWBPA	29 U.S.C. § 626
FLSA § 6 — Minimum wage Federal wage floor for covered employees	29 U.S.C. § 206
Equal Pay Act Sex-based pay differentials, affirmative defenses	29 U.S.C. § 206(d)
FLSA § 7 — Overtime Time-and-a-half over 40 hours	29 U.S.C. § 207
FLSA § 13 — Exemptions Executive, administrative, professional, outside sales	29 U.S.C. § 213
FLSA § 16 — Remedies & collective actions Liquidated damages, § 216(b) opt-in	29 U.S.C. § 216
Portal-to-Portal Act — Limitations & good faith Two/three-year SOL, willfulness	29 U.S.C. §§ 255, 260
FMLA — Leave entitlement Twelve weeks, qualifying reasons	29 U.S.C. § 2612
FMLA — Restoration & interference Reinstatement rights, prohibited acts	29 U.S.C. §§ 2614–2615
FMLA — Enforcement Damages and equitable relief	29 U.S.C. § 2617
WARN Act Sixty-day notice for plant closings and mass layoffs	29 U.S.C. §§ 2101–2109
NLRA § 7 — Protected rights Concerted activity, organizing	29 U.S.C. § 157
NLRA § 8 — Unfair labor practices Employer and union ULPs, duty to bargain	29 U.S.C. § 158
NLRA § 10 — Board procedure ULP adjudication, 10(j) injunctions	29 U.S.C. § 160
ERISA § 502 — Civil enforcement Benefits claims, fiduciary breach	29 U.S.C. § 1132
ERISA § 510 — Interference Discharge to prevent benefit attainment	29 U.S.C. § 1140
USERRA Reemployment and nondiscrimination for service members	38 U.S.C. §§ 4301–4335
Pregnant Workers Fairness Act Reasonable accommodation for pregnancy	42 U.S.C. §§ 2000gg–2000gg-6
FAA § 402 — EFAA carve-out Sexual assault and harassment claims exempt from arbitration	9 U.S.C. §§ 401–402

The CFR parts implementing DOL wage-and-hour rules, EEOC procedures, OFCCP contractor obligations, and NLRB practice.

Part 541 — White-collar exemptions Salary basis, salary level, duties tests	29 CFR Part 541
Part 785 — Hours worked Waiting, on-call, travel, and training time	29 CFR Part 785
Part 778 — Overtime compensation Regular rate, bonuses, exclusions	29 CFR Part 778
Part 795 — Employee or independent contractor Economic-realities analysis	29 CFR Part 795
Part 825 — FMLA Eligibility, certification, notice, restoration	29 CFR Part 825
Part 1601 — EEOC procedural regulations Charges, deferral, conciliation	29 CFR Part 1601
Part 1630 — ADA regulations Disability definitions, accommodation, direct threat	29 CFR Part 1630
Part 1625 — ADEA regulations RFOA defense, waivers	29 CFR Part 1625
Part 1604 — Sex discrimination guidelines Harassment, pregnancy	29 CFR Part 1604
Chapter 60 — OFCCP Federal contractor affirmative action and enforcement	41 CFR Part 60
Part 102 — NLRB rules & regulations Representation and ULP procedure	29 CFR Part 102
Federal Register Rules DOL, EEOC, NLRB, and OSHA final and proposed rulemakings	1994–present

EEOC and OSHA guidance, NLRB, EEOC, MSPB, and DOL adjudications, and DOL Wage & Hour Division interpretations.

EEOC Decisions Federal-sector appellate decisions, searchable alongside case law	Decisions
NLRB Board unfair-labor-practice and representation decisions from 1935 forward, searchable alongside case law	Decisions
MSPB Decisions Merit Systems Protection Board precedential and non-precedential decisions on federal-employee appeals, searchable alongside case law	Decisions
DOL Administrative Review Board Appellate decisions on whistleblower, wage-and-hour, immigration, and government-contract matters from 1996 forward, searchable alongside case law	Decisions
DOL Office of Administrative Law Judges ALJ decisions in whistleblower, Black Lung, Longshore, immigration, and contract cases from 2006 forward, searchable alongside case law	Decisions
EEOC Guidance Enforcement guidance on harassment, retaliation, accommodation	Guidance
DOL Wage & Hour Division Opinion Letters FLSA, FMLA interpretations	Guidance
DOL Field Operations Handbook WHD investigation and enforcement standards	Guidance
OSHA Standards interpretations and enforcement letters	Guidance
NLRB General Counsel MemorandaComing soon Prosecutorial priorities and remedial theories	Guidance

The appellate, trial, and administrative forums where employment disputes are heard — from the Supreme Court to the NLRB and EEOC.

Appellate

U.S. Supreme Court; all 13 federal circuits; state supreme and appellate courts (incl. California Courts of Appeal for wage-and-hour and PAGA)

Trial

U.S. District Courts — including S.D.N.Y., N.D. Cal., C.D. Cal., N.D. Ill., S.D. Tex., and E.D. Pa., plus remaining federal district courts nationwide

Administrative

EEOC federal-sector decisions, Merit Systems Protection Board, NLRB, DOL Administrative Review Board, and DOL Office of Administrative Law Judges decisions, searchable as courts in Midpage

Browse all US laws and courts

Key Cases

The controlling authorities — linked to full text, treatment, and citing decisions in Midpage.

Research employment law with Midpage.

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Labor & Employment

How Employment Lawyers Use Midpage

Core Employment Collections

Key Cases

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green

Faragher v. City of Boca Raton

Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. v. White

Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar

Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro

Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis

Bostock v. Clayton County

Viking River Cruises, Inc. v. Moriana

Groff v. DeJoy

Muldrow v. City of St. Louis

Starbucks Corp. v. McKinney

E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera

Ames v. Ohio Dep’t of Youth Servs.

Stanley v. City of Sanford

Research employment law with Midpage.