Claude
ChatGPT
PerplexityBell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly
Section 1 conspiracy claims must plead plausible agreement — parallel conduct alone is not enough.
Practice Area Spotlight
Antitrust & Competition
Antitrust litigators use Midpage to research Sherman and Clayton Act claims, merger challenges, Robinson-Patman disputes, and FTC enforcement actions. The statutes, regulations, and case law behind that work are collected below.
How Antitrust Lawyers Use Midpage
Browse to see how Midpage works through antitrust questions from real lawyers.
Two-Sided Markets After AmexHow have courts defined two-sided transaction markets after Ohio v. Amex? Collect decisions applying its framework outside payment networks.Antitrust Standing Under Clayton Act § 4Draft a brief section arguing plaintiff lacks antitrust standing under Clayton Act § 4, applying Associated General Contractors' remoteness factors. Use Midpage for case research.Puffery at the Motion-to-Dismiss StageFind cases dismissing advertising claims as non-actionable puffery at the motion-to-dismiss stage, and summarize the statement types courts found dispositive.Algorithmic Pricing & Section 1Find decisions addressing whether competitors' shared use of pricing algorithms constitutes Section 1 concerted action.FTC Endorsement GuidesUse Midpage to summarize the FTC's updated Endorsement Guides on influencer disclosures and material connections.Robinson-Patman EnforcementUse Midpage to summarize the FTC's renewed Robinson-Patman Act enforcement and draft a client alert on price-discrimination risk for tiered wholesale pricing.
Core Antitrust Collections
The statutes, regulations, agency materials, and courts behind antitrust litigation.
Statutes
The federal acts governing competition — restraints of trade, monopolization, mergers, price discrimination, and FTC enforcement — section by section.
| § 1 — Restraints of trade Contracts, combinations, and conspiracies | 15 U.S.C. § 1 |
| § 2 — Monopolization Monopoly power and exclusionary conduct | 15 U.S.C. § 2 |
| § 3 — Territories & D.C. Restraints in territories and the District | 15 U.S.C. § 3 |
| § 6a — FTAIA Foreign trade antitrust improvements | 15 U.S.C. § 6a |
Regulations
The CFR parts implementing FTC competition procedures, Hart-Scott-Rodino premerger review, and the FTC guides.
| Part 2 — Investigations CIDs, subpoenas, and nonadjudicative process | 16 CFR Part 2 |
| Part 3 — Adjudicative proceedings Administrative litigation rules | 16 CFR Part 3 |
Agency Decisions & Guidance
DOJ Antitrust Division enforcement policies, the joint DOJ–FTC Merger Guidelines, and FTC guidance and Part 3 adjudications.
| DOJ Antitrust Division GuidanceComing soon Business review letters, leniency policy, and model leniency letters | Guidance |
| DOJ & FTC Merger GuidelinesComing soon Horizontal and vertical merger analysis frameworks | Guidance |
| FTC GuidanceComing soon § 5 unfair-methods policy statements, advisory opinions, and competition advocacy | Guidance |
| FTC Administrative DecisionsComing soon Part 3 merger and competition adjudications | Decisions |
| Federal Register DOJ and FTC antitrust, HSR, and advertising rulemakings (1994–present) | Rules & Notices |
Courts & Tribunals
The appellate, trial, and administrative forums where antitrust disputes are heard — from the Supreme Court to FTC Part 3 adjudication.
| Appellate U.S. Supreme Court; all 13 federal circuits; D.C. Circuit (merger and agency review); state supreme and appellate courts |
| Trial U.S. District Courts — including D.D.C., N.D. Cal., S.D.N.Y., N.D. Ill., and E.D. Va., plus remaining federal district courts nationwide |
| Administrative Federal Trade Commission (Part 3 adjudication); DOJ Antitrust Division enforcement actions |
Key Cases
The controlling authorities — linked to full text, treatment, and citing decisions in Midpage.
United States v. Grinnell Corp.
The two-element test for § 2: monopoly power plus its willful acquisition or maintenance.
Brown Shoe Co. v. United States
The foundational § 7 framework for defining product and geographic markets in merger cases.
Associated Gen. Contractors v. Cal. State Council of Carpenters
The remoteness factors that govern antitrust standing under Clayton Act § 4.
Ohio v. American Express Co.
Two-sided transaction platforms require defining the market to include both sides.
NCAA v. Alston
NCAA compensation limits get full rule-of-reason review — no antitrust immunity for amateurism.
FTC v. Qualcomm Inc.
No antitrust duty to deal with rivals absent the narrow Aspen Skiing exception; harm must be to competition, not competitors.
Epic Games, Inc. v. Apple, Inc.
Applied the three-step rule of reason to app-store restraints and upheld the anti-steering injunction.
Illumina, Inc. v. FTC
Vertical-merger challenge to Illumina/GRAIL — endorsed the FTC’s § 7 analysis while remanding on the rebuttal standard.
In re RealPage, Inc., Rental Software Antitrust Litig. (No. II)
Hub-and-spoke § 1 claims survived where lessors pooled non-public data in a shared pricing algorithm.
United States v. American Airlines Group Inc.
Affirmed that the American–JetBlue Northeast Alliance violated § 1 under the rule of reason.
United States v. Google LLC
747 F. Supp. 3d 1 (D.D.C. 2024)|Monopolization
Exclusive search-distribution agreements unlawfully maintained a monopoly under § 2.
Gibson v. Cendyn Group, LLC
Shared pricing software without pooling of confidential competitor data is not concerted action.
Volvo Trucks N. Am., Inc. v. Reeder-Simco GMC, Inc.
Secondary-line injury requires price discrimination between purchasers competing for the same customers.
FTC v. Morton Salt Co.
Competitive injury may be inferred from a substantial, sustained price gap between competing buyers.
FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
Reverse-payment patent settlements are subject to rule-of-reason antitrust scrutiny.